CA19-9 producing locally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case report.

BACKGROUND: CA19-9 is a tumor marker for gastrointestinal and biliary-pancreatic adenocarcinomas; however, its association with thyroid cancer is unknown. Here, we report a case of CA19-9 producing locally advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). CASE PRESENTATION: A 66-year-old woman who was identified with a thyroid tumor after a close examination of an elevated serum CA19-9 level, which was detected at health screening, was referred to our hospital. Ultrasonography revealed a 34 × 31 mm hypoechoic lesion in the lower pole of the left thyroid lobe. Computed tomography revealed a solid thyroid tumor with tracheal invasion without any distant metastases. Bronchoscopy revealed tumor exposure into the tracheal lumen on the left side of the trachea. Fine-needle aspiration cytology led to a diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The patient underwent a total thyroidectomy, tracheal sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis, and lymph node dissection in the left cervical and superior mediastinal regions (D3c) with a reversed T-shaped upper sternotomy down to the third intercostal level. Histopathological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of PTC with tracheal invasion and no lymph node metastases (pT4a Ex2 N0). Immunohistochemical staining showed the expression of CA19-9 in cancer cells. Postoperatively, the serum CA19-9 level of the patient decreased to within the normal range. CONCLUSIONS: Some PTCs produce CA19-9, although less frequently. When elevated serum CA19-9 levels are observed, PTC should be included in the differential diagnosis for further investigation.

BRAF V600E mutation co-existing with oncogenic mutations is associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation among mutations in cancer-related genes, clinicopathologic features, and clinical outcome in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 130 patients with classical PTC who underwent curative surgery between April 2012 and June 2023 at Hokuto Hospital were included. Mutations in targeted regions of 160 cancer-related genes were detected by next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based cancer panel testing. RESULTS: The BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 108 (83.1%) of 130 PTC patients. Among the 108 patients with the BRAF V600E mutation, other co-existing oncogenic mutations were found in 12 (9.2%) patients. When we divided into 3 groups of no mutations, BRAF V600E mutation alone, and BRAF V600E and other oncogenic mutations, significant differences were observed in terms of tracheal invasion (P = 0.0024), and bilateral neck lymph node metastasis (P = 0.0047). Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall survival (OS) revealed patients with BRAF V600E and other oncogenic mutations had significantly poorer survival than those with BRAF V600E mutation alone (P = 0.0026). Multivariate cox proportional hazard analysis revealed BRAF V600E and other oncogenic mutations was an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR: 10.559; 95%CI: 1.007-110.656, P = 0.0493). CONCLUSIONS: The BRAF V600E mutation co-existing with other oncogenic mutations but not the BRAF V600E mutation alone was associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features, resulting in poor prognosis in patients with classical PTC. Detection of oncogenic mutations using NGS-based cancer panel testing could enhance understanding of the clinical features of classical PTC.

Successful management of a difficult airway in a case of advanced thyroid cancer.

Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy of the head and neck region. It makes up to 80% of all thyroid cancers, and has a 10-year survival rate of up to 95%. Differentiated thyroid carcinomas have good prognosis after a complete surgical extirpation as long as it is not associated with invasion of the surrounding structures. The advanced papillary thyroid carcinoma can invade the neighbouring structures of the thyroid gland, such as strap muscles, recurrent laryngeal nerve, trachea, oesophagus, larynx, pharynx, and carotids. Whenever papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with invasion of aerodigestive tract it is difficult to excise the tumour. We report a patient with stage IV invasive papillary thyroid carcinomas as per Shin Staging system. The surgery was deferred from several hospitals considering the advanced stage of the disease with tracheal extension making it a problematic airway for both the anaesthesiologist and the operating surgeon. The patient underwent total thyroidectomy, modified radical neck dissection, tracheal resection, and primary anastomosis. Successful intubation was done with video laryngoscopy. Intermittent apnoea technique was used for ventilation during the repair of posterior tracheal wall. The patient was extubated on the table and shifted to the recovery room. The histopathologic diagnosis was reported as papillary thyroid carcinoma classic variant with tracheal invasion.

Surgical strategy of locally advanced differentiated thyroid cancer.

Approximately 20% of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have direct tumor extension with invasion of the surrounding tissues such as the larynx, trachea, esophagus, or recurrent laryngeal nerve. Recent progress of molecular-targeted therapy, such as the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, improves survival outcome in patients with advanced DTC. However, induction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for locally-advanced DTC has presented novel fatal adverse events including fistula in patients with infiltration toward to the trachea, pharynx and esophagus, and fatal bleeding in patients with great vessel invasion. Surgery therefore still has an important role in DTC management, particularly in local control. The surgical strategy for laryngeal/tracheal invasion, which commonly occurs by DTC, is decided according to the extension (depths and area) of the tumor. The "shave procedure" is performed when the tumor has superficially invaded the larynx/trachea. However, intra-luminal extension requires resection and reconstruction of the larynx/trachea wall. Large veins, such as the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein, are also frequently directly invaded by DTC. Three types of jugular vein reconstruction have been advocated to avoid fatal complications according to bilateral jugular vein ligation. The majority of carotid artery invasion by DTC can be managed with tumor resection of the sub-adventitial layer without reconstruction surgery using an artificial vessel. In this review article, we examine surgery for advanced DTC, showing the surgical strategy toward DTC that has invaded the laryngotracheal, recurrent laryngeal nerve, esophagus/hypopharynx, or great vessels.

Efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for metastatic papillary thyroid cancer with and without initial biochemical complete status.

Objective: The application of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for recurrent thyroid cancer has been demonstrated to effectively manage lesions at critical locations, such as abutting the trachea, with limited complications. Comprehensive investigation of both biochemical (B) and structural (S) change after RFA remains limited. We herein present the first single-center experience of RFA for the treatment of locoregional recurrent thyroid cancer in Taiwan. Design: 23 patients were enrolled, and the treatment responses after RFA were divided into four groups (E, S(+), B(+), and SB(+)), and then compared. The RFA technique, follow-up strategy, changes in pre-and post-operative status, and complications are presented. The volume reduction rate at 1, 3, and 6 months, and the differing responses between lesions abutting/not abutting the trachea are also discussed. Results: In patients with pre-RFA structural and biochemical incomplete (SB(+)) status, presenting with lesion with an initial maximum diameter of >3.2cm, a higher rate of structural incomplete status at the 6-month follow-up was noted in ROC analysis, with a sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 91%. Favorable structural remission after RFA was noted, and 60.9% of patients achieved biochemical complete status. No significant correlation was noted between the trachea-abutted lesion number and complete remission (p= 0.474). No significant difference in RFA efficacy was noted between the lesions abutting/not abutting the trachea. Conclusions: This retrospective study reveals that RFA can achieve both structural and biochemical improvements for locoregionally recurrent thyroid cancer, with a low complication rate. Nearly half of the patients achieved an excellent response after RFA, while a favorable treatment response can be achieved despite the lesion abutting the trachea, with a mean VRR of 84.74%.

Surgery for Thyroid Cancer Invading the Trachea.

Thyroid cancer invading the trachea can be asymptomatic, but when tumour invasion reaches the mucosal surface, it causes bloody sputum and dyspnoea. The treatment plan for thyroid cancer is determined based on the site, depth, and extent of the invasion. Different from tumours arising from the tracheal mucosa, in thyroid cancer, invasion begins outside the airway and progresses toward the lumen, making it difficult to accurately diagnose the extent of the invasion even with bronchoscopy. Therefore, surgeons must determine the range of resection during surgery. Invasion reaching the tracheal mucosa requires full-thickness resection and is performed using tracheal window resection combined with tracheocutaneous fistula or tracheal sleeve resection followed by end-to-end anastomosis. The airway is safely secured with window resection, but closing the tracheal stoma often requires multi-stage reconstruction. Sleeve resection is an oncologically appropriate surgical method that can be completed in one stage, although there is a risk of serious complications associated with anastomotic dehiscence. Since well-differentiated thyroid cancer progresses slowly, some degree of survival can be expected even with incomplete resection. However, when shaving is performed for tumours with deep invasion that reaches the tracheal mucosa, the residual tumour tissue continues to grow steadily and eventually leads to airway stenosis. Since reoperation for tracheal resection is difficult, radical full-thickness resection should be performed in the initial surgery. Although this surgical intervention is far more demanding for both patients and surgeons than shaving, the procedure eventually improves patient's prognosis and quality of life.

Tracheal Invasion and Cardiopulmonary Compromise From Primary Thyroid Lymphoma.

Rapidly expanding thyroid lesions with tracheal invasion are typical characteristics of anaplastic and undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas, but primary thyroid lymphoma (PTL) must also be considered as a differential. Aggressive thyroid lesions can compromise the airway through compression and/or direct invasion of the tracheal wall. We present a rare case of PTL in a 57-year-old female patient who presented with worsening orthopnoea and hoarseness, followed by shortness of breath, secondary to direct invasion and compression of the trachea resulting in pulmonary edema and cardiomyopathy, requiring intensive care input. In view of the extent of the disease and associated repercussions, the patient underwent total thyroidectomy and chemotherapy, as part of her therapeutic regime, with metabolic and cardiovascular remission achieved. Histological diagnosis confirmed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). PTL is a rare condition, with few cases reported in the literature. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) used traditionally in the diagnosis of thyroid lesions is less informative in PTL and core needle and incisional biopsy techniques, coupled with CT, can provide diagnostic clarity. Due to the unusual nature of PTL, it can pose diagnostic and management difficulties. Further studies are required and a multi-professional tailored approach should be adopted for each patient until a therapeutic consensus can be reached.

Well-Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Invading the Trachea in a Pediatric Patient.

OBJECTIVES: Pediatric thyroid cancer is rare. Most cases are well-differentiated thyroid cancers (WDTCs). However, gross laryngotracheal invasion of WDTCs is unusual. This report details the first case in English medical literature of a pediatric WDTC invading the trachea. METHODS: Thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroglobulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, thyroglobulin antibody, chest magnetic resonance imaging, neck ultrasound, neck computed tomography, and fine needle aspiration were performed. RESULTS: A 9-year-old boy with moderate persistent asthma presented with increasing upper respiratory symptoms. Spirometry suggested a fixed upper airway obstruction. Chest x-ray revealed a left tracheal shift, and chest magnetic resonance imaging identified a right thyroid mass. Thyroglobulin level was 809 ng/mL (normal, ≤33 ng/mL). Results of thyroid stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and thyroglobulin antibody were normal. Neck ultrasound revealed 2 right thyroid lobe nodules. Neck computed tomography revealed tracheal compression. Fine needle aspiration of the largest nodule yielded atypia of undetermined significance. Bronchoscopy findings at his local hospital were concerning for tracheal invasion. He underwent total thyroidectomy, cricotracheal resection, reconstruction, and radioactive iodine therapy (220 mCi). Pathology demonstrated a well-differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma without solid or diffuse sclerosing subtype components. Tumor cytogenetic and single nucleotide polymorphism microarray studies showed normal findings. One year postoperatively, neck ultrasound demonstrated no recurrence, and thyroglobulin levels were undetectable while on levothyroxine therapy. CONCLUSION: Pediatric WDTC invading the trachea has not been reported.

Manejo quirúrgico de cáncer papilar de tiroides con invasión traqueal: Reporte de dos casos en Servicio de Otorrinolaringología de Hospital Carlos Van Buren

Resumen La invasión traqueal corresponde al tercer sitio más común de extensión extratiroidea del cáncer de tiroides. Se debe sospechar en caso de disnea, disfonía, estridor y hemoptisis, sin embargo, hasta un 30% de los pacientes se pueden presentar de forma asintomática, pesquisándose al momento de la cirugía. La nasofibroscopía de rutina, una alta sospecha y una planificación quirúrgica adecuada, serán fundamentales para lograr una resección tumoral completa y mejorar tanto el pronóstico como el control local. A continuación, presentamos dos casos clínicos manejados con resección cricotraqueal con anastomosis términoterminal en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Carlos Van Buren.

Abstract Tracheal invasion is the third most common site of extrathyroideal invasión of thyroid cancer, recognized as a por prognostic indicator. It should be suspected in case of dyspnea, dysphonia, stridor, and hemoptysis. However, up to 30% of cases are asymptomatic, detected at the time of surgery. Routine nasofibroscopy, thorough examination and surgical planning are essential to ensure a complete tumoral resection, improvement in prognostic and local control of disease. We present two cases with cricotracheal resection and end-to-end anastomosis in Otholaringology Service from the Carlos Van Buren Hospital.

Tracheal Resection in the Management of Thyroid Cancer: An Evidence-Based Approach.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the effect of patient demographics and surgical approach on patient outcomes after tracheal resection in the management of thyroid cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: Systematic review of literature was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify patients with thyroid carcinoma who underwent tracheal resection. Pooled estimates for patient demographics, presenting findings, complications, and outcomes are determined using random-effects meta-analyses. RESULTS: Ninety-six relevant studies encompassing 1,179 patients met inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis pooled rates of complications: 1.7% (confidence interval [CI] 0.8-2.5; P < .001; I2 = 1.85%) airway complications, 2.8% (CI 1.6-3.9; P < .001; I2 = 13.34%) bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, 2.2% (CI 1.2-3.1; P < .001; I2 = 6.72%) anastomotic dehiscence. Circumferential resection pooled estimates major complications, locoregional recurrence, distal recurrence, overall survival: 14.1% (CI 8.3-19.9; P < .001; I2 = 35.26%), 15% (CI 9.6-20.3; P < .001; I2 = 38.2%), 19.7% (CI 13.7-25.8; P < .001; I2 = 28.83%), 74.5% (CI 64.4-84.6; P < .001; I2 = 85.07%). Window resection estimates: 19.8% (CI 6.9-32.8; P < .001; I2 = 18.83%) major complications, 25.6% (CI 5.1-46.1; P < .014; I2 = 84.68%) locoregional recurrence, 15.6% (CI 9.7-21.5; P < .001; I2 = 0%) distal recurrence, 77.1% (CI 58-96.2; P < .001; I2 = 78.77%) overall survival. CONCLUSION: Management of invasive thyroid carcinoma may require tracheal resection to achieve locoregional control. Nevertheless, postoperative complications are not insignificant, and therefore this risk cannot be overlooked when counseling patients perioperatively. Laryngoscope, 131:932-946, 2021.

Successful reconstruction of an intrathoracic tracheal defect using a muscle flap and conchal cartilage graft.

BACKGROUND: Malignant invasion of the respiratory tract is a common complication in advanced cases of esophageal carcinoma. Resection and reconstruction can be extremely challenging, particularly when the invasion is intrathoracic. A circumferential tracheal resection with direct tracheal closure or mediastinal tracheostomy is often performed, but the outcome is not always favorable, with high morbidity rates, loss of vocal function, and reduced quality of life. METHODS: We present our experience in performing an intrathoracic tracheal reconstruction in which a conchal cartilage graft was used in combination with a pectoralis major muscle transposition. RESULTS: This was successfully done following the noncircumferential resection of the intrathoracic trachea due to mural invasion by a metastatic lymph node of esophageal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: We believe this report will contribute to the growing body of clinical expertise on procedures for intrathoracic tracheal reconstruction.

Long-term outcomes of differentiated thyroid cancers with tracheal invasion: A 15-year experience.

BACKGROUND: Tracheal invasion is reported to occur in approximately one-third of the patients of locally advanced thyroid cancers. There is a paucity of data in literature with regard to the long-term outcomes of thyroid cancers with tracheal invasion. METHODS: A total of 37 patients from our tertiary care center underwent radical surgery for tracheal involvement for differentiated thyroid cancers between the years 2002 and 2016. The variables pertaining to the demographics, clinical presentation, imaging, operative details and histopathology reports were captured from the patient's case records and analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 37 patients, there were 21 males and 16 females. Majority of the patients (56.8%) were >55 years of age. Surgery (tracheal resection) was performed in the primary setting in 29 patients, whereas it was performed in a recurrent setting in 8 patients. As per the Shin classification, 3 patients belonged to Shin stage 1, 3 to Shin stage 2, 16 patients to Shin stage 3 and 15 patients to Shin stage 4. There was no 30 day postoperative mortality in our cohort. The median follow-up of our cohort was 175 months. The 5-, 10-, and the 15-year overall survivals of the entire cohort were 81.7%, 47.8%, and 35.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our series shows favorable long-term oncological outcomes of selected patients of thyroid cancers with tracheal resection and adds to the limited long-term data available in literature.

Salvage surgery for structural local recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer: recurrence patterns and surgical outcome.

To clarify the patterns of the recurrence and to assess the oncological and functional outcomes after salvage surgery for the patients with structural local recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), twenty-five patients who underwent salvage surgery for structural local recurrence of PTC were retrospectively reviewed. Structural recurrences were observed in the tracheal lumen in 5 patients, intraluminal or intramuscular esophagus in 5 patients, trachea, and cricoid cartilage in 9 patients, cricoid and thyroid cartilage in 2 patients, intra-lumen of the larynx in 1 patient and soft tissue around thyroid in 3 patients, respectively. Although all local disease was resected with macroscopically negative margin, 10 patients diagnosed as microscopically positive margin. Major surgical complications occurred in 6 patients, including common carotid artery injury (n = 1), unintentional pharyngeal or esophageal injury (n = 2), recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (n = 2), and pharyngeal fistula resulting in common carotid artery rupture (n = 1), and were successfully managed. During the follow-up periods, 6 patients were alive without disease, 15 patients survived with distant metastases and/or locoregional recurrence, and 4 patients died of the disease. While tracheocutaneous fistula remained in 7 patients, the vocal function was preserved in all patients but one who underwent total laryngectomy. Normal oral intake was retained in all patients. In conclusion, although salvage surgery for structural recurrence of PTC has a high risk of complications, it may be worthwhile when macroscopic curative resection is available. The decision should be made considering various factors including curability, risk of surgical procedure, functional outcome, and life expectancy.

Locally unresectable differentiated thyroid cancer: outcomes and perspectives.

PURPOSE: Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients with an unresectable primary tumor cannot benefit from curative surgery, and radioiodine treatment for locoregional and distant disease is not possible with the thyroid gland still in place. Due to local invasion, these patients cannot be included in clinical trials, so that treatment options are limited. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and the prognosis of patients with these locally unresectable DTC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective and multicentric analysis of consecutive cases of unresectable DTC diagnosed between 2000 and 2015 was performed. RESULTS: The study population consisted in 22 patients, 13 females (59%); median age: 77 years (range: 52-91). Thyroid tumors were papillary in six, follicular in seven, Hürthle cell in one and poorly differentiated in eight patients. Patients were treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) (57%), locoregional therapy of distant metastases (41%), cytotoxic chemotherapy (38%) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (33%). TKI treatment resulted in median disease control duration of 7 months with a grade 3-4 toxicity rate of 44%. Only one patient had a total thyroidectomy after neo-adjuvant EBRT. The 1, 3 and 5-year cumulative survival rate was 81%, 27.7% and 21.5%, respectively. The cause of death was DTC in 11 cases (local progression in 7), and to other causes in 7 cases; no patient died from treatment toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical trials and approved treatments are lacking for unresectable DTC. TKI treatment may allow prolonged disease control with acceptable toxicity.

Free posterior tibial artery perforator flap for 2-stage tracheal reconstruction in patients after resection of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma invading the trachea.

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to explore the efficacy of using a free posterior tibial artery perforator flap (FPTAPF) for trachea reconstruction after resection of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC) invading the trachea. METHODS: We retrospectively collected and analyzed clinical and surgical data from 14 patients who underwent tracheal reconstruction using a FPTAPF after resection of WDTC invading the trachea between August 2014 and July 2017. RESULTS: Satisfactory tracheal structure and functional recovery were obtained in 11 of the 14 patients. One patient had breathing difficulties after tracheostomy closure tests because of bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve damage caused by disease invasion. Tracheostomy incision was not closed in 2 patients because they received postoperative adjuvant radioactive iodine 131 treatment. CONCLUSION: Satisfactory tracheal reconstruction results were achieved in patients with resection of WDTC invading the trachea, indicating that a FPTAPF is a safe and reliable choice for management.

A Successful Tracheal Resection and Anastomosis in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Tracheal Invasion.

BACKGROUND: Well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) can be locally aggressive, invading aerodigestive tract. The rationale for aggressive surgical resection in this clinical setting is supported by a long-term local control with a positive impact on survival. CASE REPORT: A 60-year-old male patient was consulted by a digestive surgeon of unaware thyroid enlargement. Physical and imaging examination showed a suspect of thyroid malignancy. During surgery, we found that a tumour had invaded the anterior side of the trachea. Resection of three tracheal rings was performed, with end-to-end anastomosis. Surgical outcome regarding nervous preservation and parathyroid glands was good as well as cosmetic aspect. During one-year follow-up, no indication of tumour recurrence was found. The management of locally invasive DTC has been controversial yielding the palliative surgery modalities. Advances in surgical technique have given a new perspective of resection in a difficult case. This case report was managed by sleeve resection with end-to-end anastomosis which showed a satisfactory outcome functionally and cosmetically. CONCLUSION: Sleeve resection with primary reconstruction of the trachea is a simple one-stage procedure which can adequately address the problem of tracheal invasion by thyroid cancer.

A Case of Tracheal Defect Reconstruction Using Anterolateral Thigh Free Flap in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Invading Tracheal Cartilage / 대한이비인후과학회지

When a well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma invades the adjacent organ, the treatment of choice is en bloc surgical resection. After tracheal resection, the tracheal defect can be repaired in various ways. Depending on the invasion depth of the tumor or the defect circumference of the trachea, primary closure, reconstruction of surrounding muscles, or end-to-end anastomosis can be used. A 70-year-old man was diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion. The patient was treated by total thyroidectomy with tracheal window resection of the invading trachea. The defect was reconstructed with an anterolateral thigh free flap. At 12 months after surgery, the patient leads a social life without any discomfort and has an acceptable voice. This case is reported along with associated techniques and reviews of related articles.

Infiltración traqueal por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado / Tracheal Infiltration by Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

La invasión traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos bien diferenciados es poco frecuente y la técnica quirúrgica a realizar todavía es motivo de controversia entre los cirujanos. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la literatura disponible sobre la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medlinede la literatura relacionada con la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides(2000 - 2016). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras y frases clave en inglés: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasión y las correspondientes a su traducción al español. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La mayoría de los artículos fueron de carácter retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las características clínicas de la lesión y los métodos de diagnóstico: laringotraqueoscopia, citología aspirativa y estudios imaginológicos. Se definieron las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los cuidados de anestesiología. Por último, se realizóla discusión crítica de los métodos de diagnóstico y de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el valor e indicación de cada una de estas. El cuadro clínico, la traqueoscopia, la imaginología y el estudio citopatológico son fundamentales para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Siempre que sea posible,la resección circunferencial de la tráquea debe ser la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de pacientes afectados por infiltración traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos diferenciados(AU)

Tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas is rare and surgical technique to be performed is still controversial among surgeons. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas. A literature review on the literature related to tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas (- 2016 2000) was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE. The following keywords and phrases in English were used: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasion and their corresponding translation into Spanish. No randomized clinical trials were found. Most articles were retrospective. Clinical characteristics of this lesion and its diagnostic methods were evaluated: laryngo-tracheoscopy, aspiration cytology, and imaging studies: clinical characteristics of the lesion and diagnostic methods were evaluated. Surgical indications and anesthesiology care were defined. Finally, a critical discussion was made on the diagnostic methods and surgical techniques used and the value and indication of each. The clinical condition, the tracheoscopy, imaging and cytopathology study are essential to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Wherever possible, the circumferential resection of the trachea should be the technique of choice in the treatment of patients with tracheal infiltration by differentiated thyroid carcinomas(AU)

Infiltración traqueal por carcinoma tiroideo diferenciado / Tracheal Infiltration by Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

La invasión traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos bien diferenciados es poco frecuente y la técnica quirúrgica a realizar todavía es motivo de controversia entre los cirujanos. El objetivo del artículo fue revisar la literatura disponible sobre la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed/Medlinede la literatura relacionada con la invasión traqueal por carcinomas diferenciados del tiroides(2000 - 2016). Se utilizaron las siguientes palabras y frases clave en inglés: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasión y las correspondientes a su traducción al español. No se encontraron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. La mayoría de los artículos fueron de carácter retrospectivo. Se evaluaron las características clínicas de la lesión y los métodos de diagnóstico: laringotraqueoscopia, citología aspirativa y estudios imaginológicos. Se definieron las indicaciones quirúrgicas y los cuidados de anestesiología. Por último, se realizóla discusión crítica de los métodos de diagnóstico y de las técnicas quirúrgicas utilizadas y el valor e indicación de cada una de estas. El cuadro clínico, la traqueoscopia, la imaginología y el estudio citopatológico son fundamentales para establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio. Siempre que sea posible,la resección circunferencial de la tráquea debe ser la técnica de elección en el tratamiento de pacientes afectados por infiltración traqueal por carcinomas tiroideos diferenciados(AU)

Tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas is rare and surgical technique to be performed is still controversial among surgeons. The aim of this article was to review the available literature on the tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas. A literature review on the literature related to tracheal invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinomas (- 2016 2000) was performed in PubMed / MEDLINE. The following keywords and phrases in English were used: thyroid, carcinoma, differentiated thyroid cancer, tracheal invasion and their corresponding translation into Spanish. No randomized clinical trials were found. Most articles were retrospective. Clinical characteristics of this lesion and its diagnostic methods were evaluated: laryngo-tracheoscopy, aspiration cytology, and imaging studies: clinical characteristics of the lesion and diagnostic methods were evaluated. Surgical indications and anesthesiology care were defined. Finally, a critical discussion was made on the diagnostic methods and surgical techniques used and the value and indication of each. The clinical condition, the tracheoscopy, imaging and cytopathology study are essential to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Wherever possible, the circumferential resection of the trachea should be the technique of choice in the treatment of patients with tracheal infiltration by differentiated thyroid carcinomas(AU)

Carcinoma papilar de tiroides localmente invasivo en tráquea: Tratamiento oncológico y posterior traqueoplastia alejada por dehiscencia de anastomosis traqueal / Locally invasive papillary thyroid carcinoma with tracheal invasion: Oncological treatment and subsequent remote tracheoplasty due to tracheal anastomotic dehiscence

Introducción: El objetivo del tratamiento del carcinoma diferenciado de tiroides con invasión traqueal es resecar satisfactoriamente la enfermedad conservando las funciones. Caso clínico: Mujer de 27 años, con masa tiroidea con compromiso traqueal evidenciado por tomografía computarizada. Se efectuó tiroidectomía total, linfadenectomía central y selectiva II-V bilateral, resección segmentaria y anastomosis traqueal. En el postoperatorio presentó dehiscencia de la anastomosis, requiriendo traqueostomía. Posteriormente, se efectuó traqueoplastia con evolución favorable. Discusión: La resección traqueal segmentaria es de elección en casos de compromiso local sin enfermedad a distancia. La traqueoplastia permite obtener un resultado funcional satisfactorio en estos casos en centros de alto volumen.

Introduction: The aim of surgery in well-differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion is to remove all the tumour while preserving functional structures. Clinical case: A 27 year old female presented with a thyroid mass with tracheal invasion on the computed tomography. She underwent total thyroidectomy, bilateral central compartment and selective II-V neck dissection, and tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis. She subsequently had anastomotic dehiscence, which required a tracheostomy. Tracheoplasty was later performed with good functional results. Discussion: Segmentary tracheal resection is the procedure of choice in differentiated thyroid cancer with local invasion and with no distant disease. Tracheoplasty, performed in highvolume centres, leads to a satisfying functional outcome.